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Rev. estud. psicol. (2024). Vol. 4 No. 3 pp. 7-27
Revista Estudios Psicológicos
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ISSN: 2788-6492 / E-ISSN: 2788-6506
Editada por:
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a
systematic review
Aspectos psicosociales de la violencia de género y su incidencia en el feminicidio: una revisión
sistemática
Aspectos psicossociais da violência de género e sua incidência no femicídio: uma revisão sistemática
Nubia Hernández-Flórez
1
Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla, Atlántico - Barranquilla, Colombia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-1895
nhernandezf@unimetro.edu.co (correspondencia)
Olena Klimenko
Institución Universitaria de Envigado,
Antioquia - Envigado, Colombia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8411-1263
eklimenko@iue.edu.co
Johana Vásquez
Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla, Atlántico -
Barranquilla, Colombia
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5429-1398
jvasquezt@unimetro.edu.co
Francis Araque-Barboza
Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla, Atlántico - Barranquilla, Colombia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7420-520X
faraque@unimetro.edu.co
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35622/j.rep.2024.03.001
Received: 15/04/2024 – Aceppted: 25/06/2024 – Published: 12/07/2024
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT. Introduction: research in the field of gender violence and femicide indicates a marked
interest on the part of collectives, professionals, and entities working in defense of human rights.
The risk factors associated with this phenomenon have psychological, social, political, and
1
PhD in Education Sciences from Universidad Cuauhtémoc, Mexico.
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
8
gender violence,
femicide, abuse,
discrimination,
inequality, inequality.
economic repercussions that have contributed to gender inequality and discrimination based on
the norms of patriarchal cultures. Methodology: a systematic review of the literature was conducted
using Boolean equations, searching across three databases (Proquest, ebscohost, and Wos
Clarivate). Results: it was found that various forms of violence against women increase the
likelihood of behavioral alterations, as well as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, or
psychotic disorders. Moreover, various social, economic, and cultural barriers embedded in society
limit the eradication of this issue. Conclusions: gender violence has physical and mental effects
that negatively impact the comprehensive health of the victims, affecting short, medium, and long-
term mental stability and diminishing quality of life.
PALABRAS CLAVE
violencia de género,
feminicidio, abuso,
discriminación,
desigualdad.
RESUMEN. Introducción: las investigaciones en el campo de la violencia de género y el feminicidio
denotan un interés marcado por parte de los colectivos, profesionales y entidades que trabajan en
pro de defensa de los derechos humanos. Los factores de riesgo asociados a este fenómeno
presentan secuelas a nivel psicológico, social, político y económico que han contribuido a la
desigualdad de género y discriminación basados en las normas de las culturas patriarcales.
Metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, mediante la formulación de las
ecuaciones boolenas, realizando la búsqueda en tres bases de datos (Proquest, ebscohost y Wos
Clarivate. Resultados: se encontró que las diferentes expresiones de violencia en contra de las
mujeres aumentan las posibilidades de presentar alteraciones del comportamiento, como también
ansiedad, depresión, estrés postraumático, o trastornos psicóticos. Además, las diferentes barreras
sociales, económicas y culturales que se encuentras impregnadas en la sociedad y que limitan la
erradicación de esta problemática. Conclusiones: la violencia de género presenta afectaciones
físicas y mentales que repercuten negativamente en la salud integral de las víctimas, lo que incide
en las afectaciones a corto, mediano y largo plazo en la estabilidad mental y el detrimento de la
calidad de vida.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
violência de gênero,
feminicídio, abuso,
discriminação,
desigualdade.
RESUMO. Introdução: as pesquisas no campo da violência de gênero e feminicídio denotam um
interesse marcado por parte dos coletivos, profissionais e entidades que trabalham em prol da
defesa dos direitos humanos. Os fatores de risco associados a este fenômeno apresentam sequelas
em nível psicológico, social, político e econômico que contribuíram para a desigualdade de gênero
e discriminação baseadas nas normas das culturas patriarcais. Metodologia: foi realizada uma
revisão sistemática da literatura, através da formulação de equações booleanas, realizando a busca
em três bases de dados (Proquest, ebscohost e Wos Clarivate). Resultados: verificou-se que as
diferentes expressões de violência contra as mulheres aumentam as possibilidades de apresentar
alterações comportamentais, assim como ansiedade, depressão, estresse pós-traumático ou
transtornos psicóticos. Além disso, as diferentes barreiras sociais, econômicas e culturais que estão
impregnadas na sociedade e que limitam a erradicação desta problemática. Conclusões: A¿a
violência de gênero apresenta afetações físicas e mentais que repercutem negativamente na saúde
integral das vítimas, o que incide nas afetações a curto, médio e longo prazo na estabilidade mental
e no detrimento da qualidade de vida.
1. INTRODUCTION
Gender is defined as a social construct, which refers to the behaviours, roles, and expectations created to
comprehend and shape societal norms considered suitable for men and women (World Health Organization
[WHO], 2019). However, discussions around gender extend beyond the traditional dichotomy between the two
sexes, giving rise a diverse spectrum of gender identities and expression formed through social and cultural
dynamics (Toro et al., 2017). This perspective suggests that gender is a performative construction historically
rooted in societal norms and expectations, with a focus on power dynamics established in society (Ortiz et al.,
2020).
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
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Gender-based violence is defined as any form of violence that causes physical, sexual, economic, or
psychological harm to a woman’s life, including threats or arbitrary deprivation of liberty (Puente-Martínez et al.,
2016). This violence can occur in both public and private spheres, emphasizing that is rooted in the victim´s
gender. At the pinnacle of gender-based violence is feminicide, a concept established in recent years to denote
the killing of a woman slowly because she is a woman (Gonçalves, 2020). While the classification may vary
depending on the jurisdiction of the country and the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator, all
instances underscore the oppressions women continue to face in society and highlight inequalities ingrained in
power dynamics and social structures. Therefore, it is crucial to approach and understand this issue from a
scientific perspective (García-Díaz et al., 2018).
According to WHO (2023), one in three women has experienced some form of violence from an intimate partner.
These types of assaults begin at a very young age, with an estimate that by around the age of fifteen, some
women have encountered various forms of violence. In Latin America, the violence rate is at 25% and according
to the latest report from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL, 2023). Brazil
had the highest record of feminicides. According to the Organization of American States, there were a total of
1437 victims in Brazil, followed by Mexico with 976 feminicides. The third highest country in reporting significant
figures was Argentina which documented a total of 232 femicides, and Colombia ranked fourth with a total of
215 feminicides.
Based on the report published by CEPAL, an update of figures is conducted using information from government
report of each country in 2022, providing an overview of the general panorama of gender-based violence in
Latin America. The available statistics reveal an alarming reality, with official data from various sources presenting
a concerning picture. In Brazil, for instance, the reported figure is 1,437 according to the report delivered by the
Brazilian Public security forum, where 53% of the cases were committed by an intimate partner and 19% by and
ex-partner (Equipe Fórum Brasileiro De Segurança Pública, 2023).
In Mexico, UN Women reports that between January and September 2022, there were 976 cases of feminicide.
In Argentina, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation and the National Feminicide Registry reported 232
feminicides, of which 59% were perpetrated by the victim´s partner or ex-partner, totalling 252 cases of gender-
based violence affecting 219 women and 7 transgender or transvestite women (WHO, 2023). In the case of
Colombia, bulletin 280-2023 from the of the Attorney General of the Nation reported 215 feminicides in the year
2022. The afore mentioned figures underscore a significant and concerning increase in this crime due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, despite various policy proposals and actions implemented by different governments
(CEPAL, 2023).
Despite efforts by various governments to create public policies and laws, the patterns and factors perpetuating
this issue, significantly affecting the integrity and lives of women, have not been sufficient to address this reality
(Damonti & Leache, 2019). Therefore, throughout this article, we will also discuss the progress in each country
especially in Latin America, along with the perspective analyses and results of the implemented policies aimed
at countering this phenomenon (Rodríguez & Cordona-Iñesta, 2020). Additionally, we will explore various
perspectives from the humanities that contribute to this type of violence, such as the patriarchal and sexist social
structure, which is visible in different social and cultural norms, The existing gap of economic inequality and
power between genders that leads to abuse and control by the male figure., lack if education and awareness
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
10
regarding gender issues and the blatant impunity and deficiencies in the penal systems of their countries
(Verdiales, 2020).
The objective of this article is to analyse the causal relationship between gender-based violence and its impact
on feminicide, examining the consequences and implications. Additionally, it includes a perspective on the legal
and social responses that have been implemented to address this issue.
2. METHOD
The systematic review of the literature allows the generation of knowledge based on evidence, taking into account
the results of scientific research, compiling information that is guided by the research question, and addressing
the characteristics and specifications of the subject studied (Páramo, 2020). Following a rigorousness that allows
to have an update of the subject. The synthesized information on the advances in the subject of gender violence
and the incidence of femicide was identified. The contributions made allow us to identify the current status
reported by primary research (Salcido et al., 2021).
The first phase consisted of the elaboration of the research question, which was determined as: What is the
incidence of gender violence in femicide? Then, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, which
allowed a systematic search describing the sources of information and the findings. Next, a review and selection
of the studies were carried out based on the titles and summaries, executing an analysis through the use of the
RefWorks program; consecutively, data extraction was carried out taking into account the sample, the data, and
the context; finally, the phase of analysis and reporting of results was developed through the study variables
(Barrios-Serna et al., 2021).
Bibliographic search
The search was developed through the Boolean equations approach. The searches were conducted through
Ebscohost, Proquest, and Wos Clarivate. Using the following search equation: (("gender identity"[MeSH Terms]
OR ("gender"[All Fields] AND "identity"[All Fields]) OR "gender identity"[All Fields] OR "gendered"[All Fields]
OR "gender s"[All Fields] OR "gendering"[All Fields] OR "genderized"[All Fields] OR "genders"[All Fields] OR
"sex"[MeSH Terms] OR "sex"[All Fields] OR "gender"[All Fields]) AND ("violence"[MeSH Terms] OR
"violence"[All Fields] OR "violence s"[All Fields] OR "violences"[All Fields]) AND ("impact"[All Fields] OR
"impactful"[All Fields] OR "impacting"[All Fields] OR "impacts"[All Fields] OR "tooth, impacted"[MeSH Terms]
OR ("tooth"[All Fields] AND "impacted"[All Fields]) OR "impacted tooth"[All Fields] OR "impacted"[All Fields])
AND ("femicide"[All Fields] OR "femicides"[All Fields])) AND ((ffrft[Filter]) AND (excludepreprints[Filter]) AND
(humans[Filter])).
Next, the selection and inclusion of research results articles was carried out, where articles were eliminated
using Refwords, which facilitates the identification of duplicate studies and those that did not have open access
to full text, concretely obtaining the data (Barrios-Serna et al., 2021).
Inclusion criteria: Studies that specifically addressed the analysed variables of gender violence and femicide
were included. We included empirical, longitudinal, cross-sectional, experimental, and quasi-experimental
studies and research reports that explored the relationship between the variables studied. Research published
in peer-reviewed journals was integrated, selecting the results of primary research, considering articles in
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
11
Spanish and English, and finally, incorporating the results of any country or region that studied the variables in
their thematic compression.
Exclusion criteria: Studies outside the date range of the last five years were excluded, except for studies reported
in books, technical reports, and undergraduate and graduate degree works. Duplicate or overlapping studies
were eliminated. Reports that did not demonstrate academic quality and lacked methodological rigor, making it
difficult to understand and synthesize the information, were discarded.
The following is the flow chart used in the systematic review that included the database searches and the records
made during the research process:
Figure 1
PRISMA flowchart
Note. Taken from PRISMA 2020 flow diagram template for systematic reviews, from Page et al. (2021).
Identification of studies via database and registers
Reports assessed for eligibility
(n = 75)
Excluded reports: (n =117)
Criterion= not related to the
object of study)
Reports assessed for eligibility.
(n = 75)
Identification
Included
Studies included in the review
(n=32)
Excluded records** (n = 267)
Excluded by researchers= 192
Records reviewed
(n = 486)
Review
Records identified from*:
Database (n = 3):
Ebscohost = 347
Proquest = 245
Wos = 116
Records (n = 708)
Records deleted before
review:
Duplicate records deleted (n =
124) Records deleted for other
reasons (n = 98).
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
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3. RESULTS
Mental health and gender violence
The mental health affectation resulting from gender violence has been identified as a social and public health
problem, which implies the analysis of the complexity of the phenomenon, taking into account that the typologies
include violence (physical, sexual, economic, among others); which hurt the comprehensive health of the victims
(Montoya, 2019). It has been identified that women who have been victims of violence usually present problems
related to post-traumatic stress, behavioral disorders, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, in some cases
experiencing psychotic episodes and suicidal ideation (Potts et al., 2021). The prolongation of the problems
presents depersonalization, feelings of helplessness coupled with a devaluation as a person that affects human
dignity (Pérez-Rey & Arenas-Tarazona, 2019).
Women who have been victims of gender-based violence experience negative interpersonal relationships and
often express difficulties in the labor, social, and relational spheres (Oram et al., 2022). The conditions of
inequality and power cause a detriment in the system of values and beliefs affecting the quality of life and
psychological well-being, because the altered emotional states of battered women usually result in a mental
disorder, due to the vulnerability of those who have been victims as a result of psychological trauma (Bonilla-
Algovia et al., 2020). Likewise, they usually manifest feelings of guilt and shame that can be explained by the
same victimization and mental health affectations in the experiences of inequality (Wagner et al., 2020).
Psychosocial aspects associated with the incidence of gender violence and femicide
The psychosocial implications of socialization and culture often play a fundamental role in the incidence of
gender violence, due to the fact that stereotypes have been transmitted from generation to generation (Garcia-
Vergara et al., 2022). Presenting a justification of violence against women through the heteronormative cultural
roots related to violent behaviors (Standish & Weil, 2021). The macho attitudes resulting from patriarchy
generated a perception of male superiority based on the beliefs and attitudes that were historically presented
towards women, presenting a close incidence related to gender violence, which fostered distorted beliefs through
educational and psychological factors that led to an increase in the mistreatment of women. A psychosocial
aspect that characterizes gender-based violence is related to the cycles of violence since they involve passing
through different phases that clearly trigger fear, hopelessness, and emotional dependence of which women are
victims, products of abusive relationships that generate difficulties in establishing the establishment of
complaints and seeking help (Hall & Evans, 2020).
Stigmatization as a psychosocial process that is immersed in gender-based violence increases blaming factors
and evidences the lack of support from society (Sorrentino et al., 2022). This contributes to the perpetuation of
criminal acts that remain silent and unpunished and that promote gender inequality through the promotion of
attitudes and behaviors that denote psychological detriment and perceived psychosocial vulnerability affecting
freedom, equality, and human rights; normalizing abusive acts that are accompanied by secondary victimization
caused by social structures that permeate the ease of harassment and perpetuate gender-based violence from
social idealization and structures based on hierarchies of power, discrimination, and inequality (Bosch-Fiol &
Ferrer-Perez, 2020).
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Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
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Gender inequality, impunity and lack of access to justice
Gender inequality, together with impunity and lack of access to justice, represents psychological, social, and
cultural problems for women victims of gender-based violence that are manifested in power relations that show
an imbalance between men and women (Gasana et al., 2021). This unequal distribution represents a stereotyping
of gender roles that fosters the idea of women's inferiority and along with it the discriminatory treatment that
limits women's access to protection and justice. In this sense, impunity is the main barrier to proposals for the
eradication of gender-based violence. Gender biases are present within the systems of access to justice because
impunity denotes a lack of confidence on the part of the victims in the legal and juridical systems that represent
a challenge faced by women to eradicate gender-based violence (Tejavathi, 2022).
In Latin America, access to legal mechanisms and resources is fundamental for women to effectively use
information, legal rights, and free access to justice services (Carvalho, 2021). These obstacles that women have
to access an inclusive and restorative justice are part of the consecrated in the Inter-American Court of Human
Rights, which clearly specifies the right of women to live free of violence and in line with the Convention of
Belem do Para that reflects the international consensus and Sustainable Development Goal 5 which refers to
gender equality and aims to empower women and girls through economic growth and global development,
reducing indicators of violence, sexual exploitation and inequality of unpaid work. Generating judicial guarantees
and protections that are fundamental for the eradication of gender-based violence (Carrigan & Dawson, 2020).
It should be noted that the IACHR specifically mentions that women victims of violence do not have access to
effective judicial remedies that allow them to timely denounce the crimes and acts perpetrated, leaving evidence
of the level of lack of protection and impunity that increases the violation of human rights (Marszalkowska, 2022).
The following are the results of the research advances on the subject, taking into account the systematic review
methodology followed:
Table 1
Synthesis of the findings from the articles
N
Variable/keyword
crosses
Citation
Methodology
Results findings
Country/
city
1
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide
(Isidro-Arias
& Silva-
Hernández,
2021)
Qualitative approach
with a descriptive and
descriptive and
interpretative approach.
Women in Mexico have had recognition and
increased participation in different scenarios,
but some changes have not been well
accepted by the patriarchal society since they
are considered changes in behavior and
awareness of the roles of women and men of
participation of women and men.
Mexico
2
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide
(Robayo-
Escobar et
al., 2020)
Inquiry of microdata
from the Death Records
contained in the Vital
Statistics from 2002 to
2013.
Homicides of women in Colombia occur
mainly in the age range of 20 to 29 years and
Antioquia is the department with the highest
number of recorded crimes. It is identified that
the perpetrators come from the family
environment and are categorized by the crime
observatory as intimate homicides.
Colombia
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Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
14
3
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Gómez-
Madrid,
2019)
Documentary review of
the National
Commission for the
Prevention and
Eradication of Violence
against Women
(Conavim).
It is concluded that a process of equal justice
has not been identified in relation to women's
security guarantees, which leads to the need
for evaluation and follow-up mechanisms for
the protection of women's security actions.
Mexico
4
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Angulo-
López, 2019)
Qualitative analysis
with descriptive and
interpretative approach.
Shows the controversies and tensions
generated by the social risk related to
impunity and the current control policies and
exception categories created to fight femicides
and violence against women with the
principles and fundaments wherewith the
criminal justice system and human rights
operate in Mexico.
Mexico
5
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Mtotywa et
al., 2023)
Ecological system
theory having 20
indicators relating to:
microsystem –
personal history and
individual factors;
mesosystem –
interpersonal
relationships;
exosystem –
community factors;
macrosystem – societal
factors; and
chronosystem
Gender-based violence (GBVF) is a complex
global issue, influenced by social, structural,
and psychological factors. Unlike older
theories, a comprehensive ecological
framework considers personal, situational,
and sociocultural aspects. South Africa faces
a deeply rooted GBVF problem tied to
customs and institutions, demanding
validation through fieldwork.
South
Africa
6
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Dawson &
Carrigan,
2005)
Sytematic review of
database whose
primary focus is
femicide, the presence
of SGRMIs in male-
perpetrator/female-
victim homicide
The study finds that multiple SGRMIs are
prevalent in male-perpetrator/female-victim
killings, distinguishing femicide as a distinct
form of violence. However, data accessibility
is limited due to missing information,
highlighting concerns that data biases may
endanger women and girls. The focus should
shift towards prioritizing prevention in data
collection over administrative government
needs.
Canada
7
Mental health and
gender violence
(Standish &
Weil, 2021)
Qualitative analysis
with descriptive and
interpretative approach.
Underscores the connection between
feminicide and suicide, particularly in the
context of the COVID-19. Historically,
suicides decreased during pandemics, the
stress associated with the current situation
may contribute to an increase in post
pandemic suicides, especilly among women,
due to factors such as employment insecurity,
care labour, and support network
New
Zealand
8
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Hernández,
2021)
Methodological gaps in
the existing literature
(sampling size,
selection bias, and
reverse causality) are
covered using an
important nationally
VFR exposure leads to depression, increased
alcohol and tobacco use. Children of VFR
victims experience more recent health issues.
High-income women access better healthcare
and mental support, while poorer women face
lower self-esteem, inadequate emotional
support, and higher substance abuse.
Peru
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representative sample
(Demographic and
Health Survey: N =
84,136) and the use of
propensity score
matching.
9
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide
(Sorrentino
et al., 2022)
Archive research on
Italian femicide cases
in the last decade, by
comparing prior types
of violence suffered
and motives for
femicide, which are
considered crucial fatal
risk factors for femicide
The results regarding fatal risk factors
comparisons across age groups showed the
existence of significant differences regarding
both types of violence suffered prior to
femicide and motives for femicide. The results
are discussed in terms of policy implication
and intervention.
Italy
10
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide
(Belotti et al.,
2021)
Quali-quantitative
method.
The conclusions highlight the effective
combination of femicide narrative, the
Argentinean human rights tradition, and
Twitter usages in transforming violence
against women into a general civic matter.
Argentina
11
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Haro-Lara et
al., 2019)
Quali-quantitative
methodbibliographic
and documentary
research based on data
collected from public
and private institutions,
and public and private
institutions
Se evidencia que las muertes violentas no han
sido producto de un de un encuentro
esporádico entre la mujer y el victimario, si no
que se trata de una necesidad de borrar la
identidad de la mujer, la historia, y relaciones
sentimentales que la caracterizan y la
convierten.
Ecuador
12
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Bosch-Fiol
& Ferrer-
Perez, 2020)
This article shows a review on intimate partner
feminicide victims in Spain confirms low legal
complaint rates due to victims limited
understanding of abuse and risk.
Spain
13
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Gómez-
Monge,
2022)
Hermeneutic method:
an analysis of texts is
carried out in order to
build up a recount of
the conceptual path on
gender violence and
feminicidal violence.
It recognizes the why and wherefore of the
criminalization of femicide as a tool to make
the problem visible, highlighting the laudable
tasks that have been promoted from the
academy and the fields of opportunity that lie
with respect to the implementation of efficient
and effective strategies in praxis.
Mexico
14
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Mejía-
Hernández,
2021)
The present paper is
based on critical
discourse theory and
Halliday’s (1978)
Systemic Functional
Linguistics (SFL) to
scrutinize the journalist’
article
This paper purpose was to paramount the
importance of raising awareness of the history
of femicide in Mexico and how last year
women’s march unifies a large number of
population, men and women, with the same
aim.
Mexico
15
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Dino, 2022)
Research based on
quantitative data taken
from 93 verdicts of
‘femicide’ sentences
which involved foreign
or migrant victims and
The study confrms the way in which narrations
produced in the “judicial feld” – despite the
“distortions” afecting them (Dubé 2012;
Gusfeld 1968) – prove to be rich sources for
Italy
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
16
qualitative aspects:
gathered through
expert interviews and
the tales of violence
against women in a
verdicts’ judgemental
sample of murders of
foreign women
the knowledge of a phenomenon which, still
today, sufers from a structural lack of data.
16
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Hall &
Evans, 2020)
This thematic analysis
applies a syndemic
framework to 28 in-
depth interviews with
women in Santo André,
Brazil. Interviews were
recorded and
transcribed verbatim in
Portuguese. Our
analysis examined
themes relating to
IPV,community
violence, substance
use, and other
individual experiences
and community issues
using syndemics as
anorganizing
framework.
Most participants described experiencing
multiple social comorbidities including IPV,
adverse childhood, community violence,
family violence, and substance use. Adverse
interactions included increased financial
conflicts, a sense of isolation, and increased
severity of violence due to substance use.
Long term enhanced “disease” progression
included injury, increased mental health
symptoms, femicide, and death
Brazil
17
Mental health and
gender violence
(Beck &
Mohamed,
2021)
Qualitative approach
with a descriptive and
descriptive and
interpretative approach.
Despite legislative changes and the
establishment of new institutions, Guatemala's
criminal justice system is marred by
weaknesses that nullify reform impacts. These
flaws cause individual, public, and institutional
harm, hurting victims, diverting attention from
social norms and violence against women and
girls (VAWG), and eroding public trust in the
system.
Guatemala
18
Mental health and
gender violence
(Caman et
al., 2022)
The present study is
part of a larger project,
in which adatabase
called Forensic
Homicide Database
was manually
created,incorporating
all homicides in
Sweden within a
limitedtime frame
(January 1st, 2007,
through December
31st, 2009).
This article concludes the use of psychiatric
services by IPF perpetators and their clinical
characteristics is crucial fro identifying high-
risk individuals and planning effective
intervention. The study suggests
opportunities for risk assessment and
intervention, as some had recent contact with
mental health services before the offense.
Sweden
19
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Condry &
Miles, 2023)
Analysis of Homicide
Index data
This article concludes that drawing upon
analysis of Homicide Index data and 57 case
studies of parricide in the United Kingdom, we
show that in many cases women are killed by
their adult-aged mentally ill sons, within a
broader context of ‘parental proximity’,
United
Kingdom
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Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
17
maternal caregiving and intersectional
invisibility, which ultimately renders them
vulnerable to fatal violence.
20
Mental health and
gender violence
(Almeida et
al., 2023)
descriptive research, in
a qualitative approach.
The article concludes that the protection laws
implemented in Mexico are not enough to
guarantee the safety of women, since there
has been an increase in domestic violence.
Brazil
21
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide
(Dayan,
2021)
Analysis of national
empirical findings of
femicide. suicide in
Israel in the years
2005-2015, excluding
analysis of femicide-
suicide cases that
occurred in Gaza.
All perpetrators who committed femicide-
suicide were male. Most perpetrators (76%)
were still in an intimate relationship with the
victim (current partners) when they committed
the femicide-suicide, and only 24% were
already estranged at the time of the event.
Israel
22
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Zara et al.,
2019)
Retrospective review of
the database of records
of the Institute of
Forensic Medicine and
the Morgue Archives of
Turin.
These preliminary findings suggest that joint
scientific, professional, and political efforts are
paramount in order to address strategies
aimed at assessing the differential risk of IPV
early in time so as to prevent it from escalating
into IPF or NPF and to provide the appropriate
support for victims and their families.
Italy
23
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Anavatan &
Kayacan,
2023)
The contribution of the
study to the literature is
that it estimates the
relationship between
femicides and
macroeconomic
variables with a method
that incorporates the
count data. The dataset
was analyzed by using
the INGARCH model.
The findings revealed that an increase in the
female unemployment rate and a decrease in
the male unemployment rate increases the
number of femicide. In addition, it was
observed that the number of femicide in the
previous month had a negative efect on the
current month’s number. Increasing the
employment rate of women, and women’s
economic freedom generally, are essential
factors in reducing femicide.
Turkey
24
Mental health and
gender violence
(Bermúdez &
Meléndez-
Domínguez,
2020)
Descriptive
observational study
(document analysis)
selecting and analyzing
data on the different
modalities of GBV and
femicides in the 28 EU
countries.
It is concluded that psychological abuse is the
most prevalent in the EU-28, however, there
is a difficulty in comparing data from different
countries due to the lack of a common legal
conceptualization of GBV.
Spain
25
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Tiscareño-
García et al.,
2022)
Quantitative research
studies the content on
femicide and gender
violence in four
Mexican national
newspapers: La
Jornada, Reforma, El
Universal and Milenio
during 2017.
Female sources criticize and question the
official version of femicide, while male
sources support it. Women also stand out as
experts on the subject. In summary, the media
use gender as a criterion to validate sources
in the narrative of the news event.
Mexico
Rev. estud. psicol.
Vol. 4. No. 3 (2024) pp. 7-27
Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
18
26
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Mishra,
2022)
Analytical review of the
constitutive concepts
associated with the
practice of femicide.
Recognise and expostulate that symbolic
connotations denote the prevalence of unfair
and unjust state of affairs and the fact that
physical violence is an embodied
manifestation of these mundane state of
affairs.
27
Mental health and
gender violence
(Abir & Zrizi,
2023)
Qualitative approach
with a descriptive and
descriptive and
interpretative approach.
Historicizes the concept of hate crimes
scrutinizing its relationship with VAW. It
argues for the legal relabeling of violence
against women (more particularly, femicide
and rape) as subcategories of hate crimes,
hence the urgency to a legal reform that would
protect women worldwide from such a social
plight.
Morocco
28
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Messias et
al., 2020)
Bibliographical review,
with a view to using the
studyof scientific, jurist
opinion and legal texts
Despite significant strides in women's rights,
a persistent physical disparity between men
and women undermines material equality.
This vulnerability has led to a rise in female
homicides, often perpetrated by men due to
disdain or discrimination against women. To
address this issue, Brazil introduced Law nº
13.104/2015, incorporating the term
"femicide" into the legal framework,
distinguishing homicides related to domestic
violence or gender-based discrimination
against women.
Brazil
29
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Velasco-
Dominguez,
2023)
Qualitative approach
with a descriptive and
descriptive and
interpretative approach.
Critical feminism questions the punitive state
approach and the measures proposed by
institutional feminism. It argues that these
measures perpetuate gender stereotypes and
simplify violence against women as the fault
of individuals, ignoring its structural, social
and institutional roots.
México
30
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Alcocer-
Perulero &
Marchese,
2022)
Qualitative research -
descriptive and
documentary
documentary analysis
It is necessary to create Analysis and Context
units as part of the Comprehensive Program
to prevent, punish, and eradicate violence
against women. In addition, the program
should elaborate a regulation and work
methodology that will serve as a reference
standard for the Analysis and Context Units of
the different Prosecutor's and Attorney
General's Offices. Context Analysis Units of
the different Prosecutor's and Attorney
General's Offices.
Portugal
31
Psychosocial
aspects associated
with the incidence
of gender violence
and femicide.
(Álvarez-
Garavito &
Acosta-
González,
2021)
Economic approach
that combines ideas
proposed by Becker’s
economics of crime
and bargaining
household models.
Legislation is suggested to deter femicide by
increasing the likelihood of convicting and
punishing perpetrators, altering their
incentives. However, government inaction and
impunity may hinder its effectiveness. Future
analysis using a difference-in-difference
method can assess the legislation's impact on
femicide rates with more data.
Ecuador
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Psychosocial aspects of gender violence and its incidence in femicide: a systematic review
Nubia Hernández-Flórez; Olena Klimenko; Elisama Beltrán; Johana Vásquez; Maria Orozco; Francis Araque-Barboza
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19
32
Gender inequality,
impunity and lack
of access to justice
(Carmona-
Arias et al.,
2023)
Qualitative analysis that
takes up different
aspects of secondary
sources, doctrine,
norms and
jurisprudence.
It highlights the persistence of patriarchal
violence evidenced by the constant rates of
annual femicide and transfeminicide. It
stresses that even trans women are not
exempt from gender violence due to the
symbolic construction of identities. It
concludes that there is an urgent need to
incorporate a gender and sexual diversity
approach in the Colombian judicial system.
Colombia
4. DISCUSSION
The increase in emotional alterations and the appearance of mental disorders in women victims of gender
violence represent risk factors for integral health. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress,
psychotic disorders, and behavioral alterations increase to the extent that the type of violence established is
related to the prevalence of the disorder (Velasco-Dominguez, 2023). Precipitating and predisposing factors in
the face of precarious conditions associated with psychosocial vulnerability usually present greater social
isolation, evidencing indicators of emotional distress that are reflected in submissiveness, impulsivity, addictive
compartments, and subjective and social constructs that increase the probability of occurrence of mental
illnesses (Moncayo et al., 2021).
The alteration of the emotional states of women victims of gender violence represents the physical, sexual, and
mental abuse that is experienced when symptoms of mental disorders or illnesses are present (Tiscareño-García
et al., 2022). Victims usually have difficulties in communication, self-perception, and altered expression of their
emotions due to the manifestations of shame and guilt perpetrated by the perpetrator that evidence the
psychological trauma and the aftermath of victimization that are identified with the presence of mental health
affectations (Franchino-Olsen, 2021). This indicates that the presence of mental illness is a latent risk factor that
increases the probability of causing a significant deterioration in the quality of life of women in the short, medium,
and long term (Standish & Weil, 2021).
Victims of violence frequently present depression, anxiety, panic attacks, psychotic outbreaks, suicidal ideation,
and behaviors together with post-traumatic stress that evidence the psychological damage and the experience
of violent events (Almeida et al., 2023). From the field of mental health, the gender perspective refers to situations
of inequality generated by sociocultural factors related to healthy behaviors within the construction of sex and
gender, as synergistic determinants that exacerbate the psychological vulnerabilities inherent to health care and
public policies on gender and mental health (Abir & Zrizi, 2023). Socio-cultural environments often present
significant stigmatization and risk for developing a mental disorder.
Psychoeducational processes that promote mental health in women victims of violence from a gender
perspective, carry out an inclusive, equitable, and egalitarian promotion that reduces biases and encourages the
promotion of opportunities for the development of areas of participation in science and technology that have
traditionally been carried out by men (Mishra, 2022). Thus, social and economic gaps and political disparities
concentrated in worse conditions for women and low salaries are reduced, generating discrimination that affects
mental health by suffering inequitable and discriminatory treatment based on gender. Causing great
consequences within the social interactions that denote an affectation in the psychological, cultural, and
environmental aspects (Dayan, 2021; Standish & Weil, 2021).
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In this sense, gender-related inequities, taking into account the Sustainable Development Goals, specifically Goal
5, which proposes a process of gender equality and the empowerment of girls and women as a fundamental
right. Taking into account that around the world the WHO reports that there are approximately 736,000,000,000
million women who have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once in their lives (Standish & Weil,
2021). Thus, the establishment of favorable frameworks for women presented in equal opportunities, better
working conditions, non-discrimination factors, and respect for diversity and culture; requires financial support
and the development of programs that encourage the participation of women in female empowerment, through
training as a starting point to reduce social and gender gaps (Messias et al., 2020). The development of sports
activities that make visible and promote the role of women in society, the construction of leadership, and
comprehensive health care.
The social and cultural factors that are associated with gender violence have historically been associated with
coercive upbringing patterns, the patriarchal system that denotes violence against women from a misogynist and
sexist society, exercised from all spheres of life where gender-based stereotypes and religious-based beliefs
were created to oppress women, making them invisible as human beings, denying them access to justice,
abusing their rights and excluding them from educational, health and progress processes (Rivas-Rivero et al.,
2020). The established norms and patriarchy led victims not to denounce sexual, emotional, and physical abuses
that violate their human dignity and, in some cases, the consequence of these abuses has been femicide
(Carrigan & Dawson, 2020).
The naturalization of violence against women through cultural factors led to the perpetuation of rape through the
assignment of roles and submission of women to men. By establishing that patriarchy generated a vision of the
weaker sex that led to women not exercising the rights, professions, activities, and trades assigned to men,
women were considered as objects whose purpose was to sexually satisfy men, in a servile attitude without
contradicting the norms and normalizing objectification, sexualization, abuse, rape, and murder (Tiscareño-
García et al., 2022). This implies that culture continues to permeate behaviors that impede the personal fulfillment
and the right to free will of women, generating a denigration of human dignity, and establishing the distinctive
gaps in society as a result of stereotypes and oppressive behaviors. Therefore, gender violence has been
associated with socially established archetypes that limit the actions of freedom and equity. Indifference to the
reality of the phenomenon of misogyny and the heteronormative and gender-generic sex system as a social
determinant (Valencia & Nateras, 2020).
The manifestations of power relations that are presented as a relational imbalance at the level of sex reflect the
inequitable relations associated with the establishment of gender roles and stereotypes. The fact that the right to
equality and non-discrimination stipulated in the IACHR indicates a recognition of the criminal acts against
women, the physical, psychological, and social consequences derived from gender-based violence against
women, specifically stating that sexual violence has been the most used against women, and that from the
standpoint of international humanitarian rights, The report also states that women's bodies have been
instrumentalized as objects of war according to Anavatan & Kayacan (2023) where it refers to the violence
exercised against women in internal armed conflicts, indicating a high maternal mortality rate as a result of forced
abortion, forced sterilization, and the constant violation of human dignity as stipulated in article five of the
convention (Álvarez-Garavito & Acosta-González, 2021).
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In this way, a pattern of systematic impunity has been identified in relation to actions to effectively prosecute and
punish violence against women, which has increased the levels of distrust towards judicial systems and the
administration of justice, resulting in a judicial ineffectiveness that disqualifies and blames them for their actions;
contrary to protecting them as a governmental duty. The common vision of impunity and the absence of
punishment denote the ineffectiveness of the actions that are enshrined in the penal system, presenting a punitive
perspective that increases the culture of non-reporting, thus increasing discrimination and exclusion from a
gender perspective that translates into the non-imposition of criminal sanctions and detonates indicators that
break down barriers to access to justice, making invisible the aggressions and abuses of which women are
victims.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Gender-based violence presents physical, psychological, social, and emotional affectations that require
multidisciplinary attention as a priority because the victims within society have presented a violation of human
rights and fundamental rights, where it has become evident that women are not treated with equality and dignity
in all spheres of life. In this sense, gender-based violence is a structural problem that is rooted in social, cultural,
economic, and psychological patterns that have allowed the generation of inequality and discrimination gaps that
have led to the transformation of these actions into increased violence (Carrigan & Dawson, 2020). The elements
of damage have shown that the established relationships have been presented under the submission of power,
misogyny, the hetero-patriarchal system, and the rape culture that continues to allow the normalization of all
types of violence, including torture, which is evidenced by the lack of access to restorative-compassionate and
punitive justice, where the focus is on the victims and attempts are made to repair the damage by the
perpetrators, either individually or collectively.
The difficulty of accessing recent data and statistics does not allow for generating an updated and relational
analysis between the information that should be reported by government institutions and the available
documentary sources that reflect the reality of the studied phenomenon. This specifically indicates that there is
a lack of attention and investment in economic and physical resources to counteract the latent problem of
violence against women. This, in turn, hinders the work of professionals, academics, and researchers who work
to eradicate violence from a gender perspective, hindering the evidence of the reality of crime rates, the causes
and consequences, and the crimes that are still unsolved and, therefore, unpunished (Tiscareño-García et al.,
2022). This generates victimization on the part of state entities, whose obligation is to be guarantors of the rights
of citizens, especially women, due to the conditions of psychosocial vulnerability and the punitive power of the
state.
It was established that mental health from a gender perspective presents social expectations that generate a
negative impact on the mental health of the victims, due to the imposition of rigid roles, stigmatization, and
discrimination experienced from the different types of violence that usually result in symptoms and psychological
disorders such as anxiety, depression, psychotic outbreaks, acute stress, which present clinically significant
alterations in mental health, and from the perspective of public health requires comprehensive intervention and
support for the victims in their recovery process (De Oliveira-Araujo et al., 2019). The importance of gender
equity in mental health requires respectful inclusion processes that promote gender equity and challenge
stereotypical inequalities to improve people's mental health. This implies addressing and guaranteeing access
to inclusive health services that promote a more equitable and just society from a gender perspective.
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Conflicto de intereses / Competing interests:
Los autores declaran que el presente proyecto no representó conflicto de intereses de ninguna parte.
Rol de los autores / Authors Roles:
Nubia Hernández-Flórez: Metodología, software, análisis formal, investigación, escritura – borrador original, escritura
– revisión y edición, supervisión.
Olena Klimenko: Metodología, software, análisis formal, investigación, escritura – revisión y edición.
Elisama Beltrán: Curación de datos, escritura – revisión y edición, visualización.
Johana Vásquez: Conceptualización, validación, recursos, supervisión.
Maria Orozco: Conceptualización, validación, administración del proyecto,
Francis Araque-Barboza: Curación de datos, adquisición de fondos.
Aspectos éticos/legales:
Los autores declaran no haber incurrido en aspectos antiéticos, ni haber omitido aspectos legales en la realización de
la investigación.
Fuentes de financiamiento / Funding:
Las fuentes de financiación que dieron lugar a la investigación son de carácter personal y motivación profesional.
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